Most of the acoustic features depend on the estimation of the fundamental voice period; when a person has a pathological voice, the instability in their vocal fold vibration causes problems when estimating such a period; due to this challenge, scientists have focused on developing robust features that are independent of the pitch estimation. Also, the voice disorders are increasing dramatically, mainly due to unhealthy social habits and use of sound. So, the major objective of this paper is to investigate the acoustic voice analysis methods (AVA) based on the adaptive features. This investigation will lead to develop a system for detecting diseases. One essential part of this theme is the database (described later), sampling the sounds (and satisfying) from the German database with many diseases, and neurodegenerative disease (such as chronic inflammation of the larynx and vocal fold nodules) was suggested in this work. A supervised algorithm is used to accomplish this task, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs with variation of Jitter & shimmer), and modeled by weighted Gaussian mixture model (GMM) as it is used in AVA.\nWe use MATLAB to simulate such study to extract the features. Training as well as testing process. The achieved results clarifies that with some kind of analysis; it is possible to find patterns related to different voice pathologies, e.g. hypernasality, where additional spectral components appear due to the excess of air flow in the nasal cavities. Another focal point considers some mathematical transformations either in the temporal or frequency domain. Those transformations can improve the discrimination capacity of some voice acoustic features; however, multivariate analysis is needed to consider parameters that measure different problems in the phonation process; after that, a relevance analysis is required to find and sort those features that provide greater information. Finally, automatic classification of pathological voices takes place using any of the known techniques for this purpose.

Developing nations resort to developed countries or financial institutions for cash inflows to boost the economy. Foreign inflows play significant role in development of Pakistan’s economy. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of foreign funds (Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Official Development Assistance & Official Aid (ODA) on economic development (indicated by GDP Per capita, CPI and Average Stock price) of Pakistan. Data is taken from 1970 to 2005 but in case of average stock price, it is from 1998 to 2005 due to unavailability of stock data. Multiple Linear Regression Model is used to analyze the impact.\nResults show positive and statistically significant relationship of FDI with GDP per capita, CPI and Average Shares Prices. There is a positive relationship between ODA and GDP per capita, CPI and Average Shares Prices; significant for GDP per capita but insignificant for CPI and Average shares prices.

This study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of educational programs on individual knowledge of occupants and sanitation rate. The study’s locations comprised of three building in the South Western of Iran. Educational program was initiated by putting up posters, handing out of pamphlets, face to face interaction and gave informative lectures to all students in the intervention section. To evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program, 53 residential units were divided randomly into intervention (education) and control groups. Sanitation before and after educational programs in study locations, was evaluated using sanitation rates. Before education, a set of questionnaires in two sections were distributed among all occupants in order to collect information on occupants’ attitudes towards sanitation in the study’s locations and knowledge of residents about cockroach infestation, prevention and IPM system. The respondents after being exposed to the educational program were better informed about IPM improved by 46%. Evaluation of the obtained scores after educational programs showed a significant difference between scores for pre- and post-educational programs (Mean= 6.93 Vs 8.63). Data was further substantiated by control group (Mean=7.55 Vs 7.4). Therefore educational program improved scores and subsequent knowledge of students on IPM and cockroach management. The sanitation rates for the intervention units at the ‘girls’ dormitory’ had significantly improved (from median 4 to 1) after several educational programs were conducted. This finding was further substantiated by control group, whereby it did not show significant change after similar duration. In conclusion, the sanitation and the educational programs were important strategies contributing to the success of IPM method.

Heavy elements including cadmium are produced as a result of major urban, industrial and agricultural activities and they cause pollution of natural resources. On the other hand, considering the increasing need for tree planting in Iran, a comprehensive research on fast- growing deltoides poplar species and the role of these plants in absorption of heavy metals including cadmium is essential. In order to achieve to this purpose, after preparing the populous deltoides species plants in flower pots they were irrigated a nutrient solution containing cadmium chloride with 10 mg/kg of concentration for 20 days in two irrigation periods and at the end of this period the dry weight of the aerial organs decreased significantly (P> 0/05).Yet, there was a significant difference between the dry weight of the aerial parts of the treatment and the control but the dry weight of the control root did not have significant difference with the treatment but we observed a reduction in the height after treatment of the plants. Although the results show that there is no significant difference between the soil, the stem, the leaf and the root with concentration of zero (control) and also the leaf and the stem ( treatment)with concentration of 10 and at 95% of confidence level, but there is a significant difference between the stem and treatment root and also between the root and the treatment soil at 95% of confidence level.

Existing classifications of temperament, characters, personality types and ways of behaviour are the\ndisputable issues of the present-day scientific world. The origins of the classifications rise from the\nancient philosophy and medicine in China and India (VIII BCE), Greece (V BCE), Rome (II\ncentury AD), England and Germany (ХIХ century), USA and Russia (ХХ century). Tremendous\namount of the classifications were worked out all over the world and not all of them withstood the\ntest of time. The references to Hippocrates‟ and Claudius Galenus‟ classifications occur chiefly,\nwhich are tangential with regard to mentality and psychic setup and based on humoralism\n(humorism). Great empirical and experimental materials have been accumulated in scientific history\nwithout harmonious systematization in view of the absence of the integrated international system of\nclassification that is the factor restraining the further development of typology. There were curious\nincidents during typology march. Fourier described three hundred characters, for instance.\nUnfortunately, any ordinary person could not be able to remember all these descriptions. Since then,\nresearches, finding and admission of the optimum types became the task of paramount importance\nfor the scientists.

This paper first studies the hydraulic gradient in a one-dimensional steady and transient seepage process for saturated and unsaturated ground. Then, a higher order nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the dissipation of negative pore water pressure of triaxial specimens under the action of air pressure was established in terms of Darcy’s law, an empirical formula for permeability coefficients and matric suction. Moreover, the solution for the partial differential equation is provided based on the differential principle. Third, based on axial translation technology, the WF Automatic Triaxial System was employed to perform a dehydration experiment where air pressure is applied on saturated clay samples. Using parameters obtained from the experiment, the foregoing partial differential equations were solved. Fourth, Abaqus finite element software was used to simulate the dissipation of the unsaturated process. The results show good correspondence among the experimental data, numerical solution of the partial differential equation, and FEM simulation results, which indicate that the established partial differential equation can depict the dissipation process of the triaxial specimen under the action of matric suction.